The ring - a symbol of
Gradually, from century to century, the quality of the material from which made the bride a ring as a gift, it becomes increasingly higher. In the II century has presented the bronze ring in the III century - gold. Romanian put a ring on the ring finger of his left hand, believing that the right of the finger goes to the heart of Vienna. It is known that ancient era - the time of paganism, but in the Roman Empire and Byzantium, there are more and more adherents to the Christian religion. Christians borrowed the symbolism of antiquity. Borrowed from the Romans and the ring for the bride. In the IV century, Christians have used it as a required attribute spouses. By the same circle as the symbol of infinity and eternity is of great significance in Christian doctrine. Materialized embodiment of a symbol of eternity circle - ring - has become an important ritual in the Christian sense.
Saturday, May 30, 2009
FACE TO FACE - History of engagement ring
In prehistoric times people have not yet knowing how improvise a garment, already knew that it is necessary to decorate. The first people on earth feel that the decoration is providing it to others, acting as a mark of distinction. In African tribes, retained still primitive patterns, ornaments of bone, metal, stones can be like stars on the epaulets, about belonging to a particular tribe, the position in the tribe, about the merits and virtues.
A woman wearing earrings, bracelets, beads, can show whether it is to create a family.The ring is under an obligation to their birth, most likely, ancient Egyptian civilization - a time when arts and crafts has become a real art. Ring immediately became familiar privileged position. They were those who were given the power - pharaohs.
To the ancient Greeks, the ring was a sign of high birth. Such is the significance of the ring and was at the dawn of Roman Empire. Later, the Romans popularity among all kinds of decorations has increased so much that the ring had become a secular adornment. Emperor August authorized to wear the ring physicians, and Septimius Severus in 197 a year. e. - The soldiers. In the I century Mr. e. the civil laws of the Roman Empire to the marriage it was enough to oral or written agreement of two parties - the groom and the bride's parents. The agreement sets out when the groom presented the bride's parents iron ring. Since then, the girl left the ranks of candidates for the bride and the de jure status of his wife received.
For the lawyer in Ancient Rome, the contract of marriage, the so-called futuratum, with delivery of the ring was of paramount importance. Needless wedding there just to put in prominence the public that the two will now be one entity.
Interestingly Hebraic tradition: the groom presented the bride a ring instead of coins, as we did previously, in a sign that takes men's obligation to take care of the future financial well-being of his wife.
A woman wearing earrings, bracelets, beads, can show whether it is to create a family.The ring is under an obligation to their birth, most likely, ancient Egyptian civilization - a time when arts and crafts has become a real art. Ring immediately became familiar privileged position. They were those who were given the power - pharaohs.
To the ancient Greeks, the ring was a sign of high birth. Such is the significance of the ring and was at the dawn of Roman Empire. Later, the Romans popularity among all kinds of decorations has increased so much that the ring had become a secular adornment. Emperor August authorized to wear the ring physicians, and Septimius Severus in 197 a year. e. - The soldiers. In the I century Mr. e. the civil laws of the Roman Empire to the marriage it was enough to oral or written agreement of two parties - the groom and the bride's parents. The agreement sets out when the groom presented the bride's parents iron ring. Since then, the girl left the ranks of candidates for the bride and the de jure status of his wife received.
For the lawyer in Ancient Rome, the contract of marriage, the so-called futuratum, with delivery of the ring was of paramount importance. Needless wedding there just to put in prominence the public that the two will now be one entity.
Interestingly Hebraic tradition: the groom presented the bride a ring instead of coins, as we did previously, in a sign that takes men's obligation to take care of the future financial well-being of his wife.
Sunday, May 24, 2009
History of silver
The history of the use of silver has a millennium, although it was known much later than the gold. During this time, the world's accumulated a lot of silver products: dining utensils, tableware, jewelry and works of art. Ancient silver found in Iran - it buttons, dating from 4800-4500 he worked. BC in Anatolia, found the ring, made in the late fifth millennium BC. At the throne of Tutankhamen and his racer box and the ark preserved fragments of silver foil.
A significant portion of money received from the lead ores, mainly from galenita. Kupelyatsiya, the process of extracting silver and gold from lead, known to have six thousand years. This method is described Pliny the Elder: a special porous crucible lead oxidized air injection on the surface of the melt, resulting in absorbed crucible walls, while silver remained. Strabo, referring to Polybius, writing about the silver mines of New Carthage, which employed 40,000 workers. Ore, containing silver, fractions, and in the water passed through a sieve. The operation was repeated, and only the fifth sediment flux, with sterling silver.
Etymology
75 centuries of silver. Etymology
In general, scientists have agreed among themselves on how many languages have words to refer to silver. Ancient Egyptian name of the silver "KHAD" (had or hat) means "white." In ancient Ur of silver called ku-Bab bar (ku-babbar) from 'ku' (to be clean) and 'Babbar' (white). Romance names of the silver came from the Sanskrit 'arjuna' (light) and 'rajata' (white). German - from the Assyrian 'sarpu', more precisely 'si-ra-pi-im', meaning "white metal", "silver". English Silver (Old Seolfor), German Silber, Gothic Silubr, Dutch zilver, Swedish silfer, Danish solf. Slavic names sidabras, sirebro (Czech stribro) and drevneslavyanskoe (ancient) srebro (srebro, srebro, silver) are also associated with Assyria 'sarpu'. Perhaps, however, other comparisons - with the word "sickle" (moon) - in Cyrilic "serep." However, the word "sarpu" meant a crescent, which is a symbol of the goddess Igitar - mistress of love and fertility.
Medicine
Mentions that a substance containing silver, could be used as drugs, are hoary antiquity. In ancient Egypt, for example, a silver plate attached to the wound to heal. This wrote Herodotus, Pliny, and Agricola. Paracelsus left a lot of recipes for treating diseases of silver products.
But remember this, of course, only in the XIX century. Physician Bene Credo reported the results of treatment of infections of silver ions. It was found that the silver plate on the diphtheria bacillus is killed in three days, staphylococcus - two, and typhoid bacillus - after 18 hours. In general, silver is able to destroy 650 different bacteria. Toxicity of silver ions is due to the ability to violate the enzyme systems of microorganisms, impeding their growth and reproduction.
Antibiotics initially replaced the silver, but soon became obvious their disadvantages: besides the fact that they kill intestinal micro-flora and to reduce the immune system, microbes tend to get used to them. In addition, they do not work for viruses. Silver is not a habit, and does not accumulate in the body. Although overdose can cause darkening of skin - the so-called Argiry. Full list of ailments, which manages the money that can afford only a medical issue.
Mysticism
Silver is associated with lunar magic, women's and the beginning of winter to the goddess Diana. It is believed that silver can protect from negative influences and evil spirits. The ancient Egyptians believed that the god Ra silver bone. For Inca silver was the divine substance, they called his "moon tears." And the Emperor Nero to hack silver, thousands of their mules.
Alchemists believed the final product transmutation of silver base metal, by means of a "white philosophical stone." If a person does not match the money that it could lead to serious health disorders. The lack of this metal in the body is filled by the immoderate consumption of sweet.
Some healers claim that silver has a cooling effect on the body, so the older people it is better not to wear.
Dark silver with prolonged exposure to the protein and skin unhealthy person, hence the belief that silver has the gift to foresee a serious disease of the owner.
If insert silver nails in the coffin, the spirit of the deceased will not be able to rise. Silver amulets repel evil spirits. In France, the custom was kept before the wedding the newlyweds wear a silver chain, to avoid the effects of witchcraft. Silver bullet can 'kill' the reverse and other diabolical creatures. By the way, modern vampire killers instead of cola aspen preferred injections of silver nitrate.
Money
First, the function of money in the form of silver used massive rings, bars, ingots, wire, small chanks. They were walking in Assyria, Babylon, ancient Egypt. The first hammered coin, two and a half thousand years ago made the same Lydian king Croesus, which, of course, has depicted himself loved. Ancient Romans began to mint silver coins from 269 years BC. e., for half a century earlier than the gold. In Russia the first silver minted with Prince Vladimir. On the one hand, the coin was a picture of Prince on the throne, but on the other - the inscription: "Volodymyr on the table, and behold his silver."
Of course, not without fakes. French monarch Philip beautiful, it is - forger, reduces the weight of gold and silver coins and adding them to the copper and tin. During that Dante gave him a place in hell.
Extraordinary financial resourcefulness shown during the war with the Poles and Alexei . Because of his money in Russia was not, in the course were iohimstalery, in our - "efimki (them minted in the Czech town of Iohimstal). These 'Euro' knock the Latin inscription and the estimated value of 1 ruble, although this costs the Treasury 50 cents. It happened the first inflation, which ended "copper rebellion."
When Anne Ioannovna Akinfy Demidov, uncrowned Uralsky Caesar secretly minted its coins. This is the only case in history where the counterfeit money was more expensive than the state: in Demidovsky content of silver was higher.
Now silver coins issued as commemorative coins and exploratory. Although the course of the coin, there are 999 samples (99 Ag content, 9%): in America odnodollarovaya coin depicting an eagle in Mexico - Libertad and Canadian coins in denominations of five dollars with the image of maple leaves.
Not only money
Silver reflects 97% visible light. Silver mirrors provide energy desalination plants in Saudi Arabia and solar thermal power plants in California.
Inertia allows the use of silver in the missile technology for the manufacture of engine gaskets.
Silver iodide - a reagent for the artificial rain: atmospheric moisture, it condenses into droplets of rain. In addition, both can be reduced because of the cyclone. With the help of airplanes is the veil of the iodine-silver mist, the cyclone passed through it, growing in size and loses its destructive power.
But the widespread use of silver is linked to the ability of halides decompose under the action of light to metallic silver. In 1839 French painter and inventor Dager has developed a way to get the image on the light-sensitive material, and has since produced more than half of silver goes to all sorts of photo and film.
The presence of silver halide particles in the glass allows for 60 seconds to turn the ordinary into sun glasses (22% light transmission to 88%).
A 1 gram of silver can be turned into a wire length of about 2 miles!
Do not forget about the "family silver": malleability, ductility, bactericide made dishes of luxury. It was a symbol of wealth and respectability. That nobody could pereplyunut Count Orlov, the favorite of Catherine the Great. His respectability was a 3275 silver items, for the manufacture of which took more than 2 tons of silver.
A significant portion of money received from the lead ores, mainly from galenita. Kupelyatsiya, the process of extracting silver and gold from lead, known to have six thousand years. This method is described Pliny the Elder: a special porous crucible lead oxidized air injection on the surface of the melt, resulting in absorbed crucible walls, while silver remained. Strabo, referring to Polybius, writing about the silver mines of New Carthage, which employed 40,000 workers. Ore, containing silver, fractions, and in the water passed through a sieve. The operation was repeated, and only the fifth sediment flux, with sterling silver.
Etymology
75 centuries of silver. Etymology
In general, scientists have agreed among themselves on how many languages have words to refer to silver. Ancient Egyptian name of the silver "KHAD" (had or hat) means "white." In ancient Ur of silver called ku-Bab bar (ku-babbar) from 'ku' (to be clean) and 'Babbar' (white). Romance names of the silver came from the Sanskrit 'arjuna' (light) and 'rajata' (white). German - from the Assyrian 'sarpu', more precisely 'si-ra-pi-im', meaning "white metal", "silver". English Silver (Old Seolfor), German Silber, Gothic Silubr, Dutch zilver, Swedish silfer, Danish solf. Slavic names sidabras, sirebro (Czech stribro) and drevneslavyanskoe (ancient) srebro (srebro, srebro, silver) are also associated with Assyria 'sarpu'. Perhaps, however, other comparisons - with the word "sickle" (moon) - in Cyrilic "serep." However, the word "sarpu" meant a crescent, which is a symbol of the goddess Igitar - mistress of love and fertility.
Medicine
Mentions that a substance containing silver, could be used as drugs, are hoary antiquity. In ancient Egypt, for example, a silver plate attached to the wound to heal. This wrote Herodotus, Pliny, and Agricola. Paracelsus left a lot of recipes for treating diseases of silver products.
But remember this, of course, only in the XIX century. Physician Bene Credo reported the results of treatment of infections of silver ions. It was found that the silver plate on the diphtheria bacillus is killed in three days, staphylococcus - two, and typhoid bacillus - after 18 hours. In general, silver is able to destroy 650 different bacteria. Toxicity of silver ions is due to the ability to violate the enzyme systems of microorganisms, impeding their growth and reproduction.
Antibiotics initially replaced the silver, but soon became obvious their disadvantages: besides the fact that they kill intestinal micro-flora and to reduce the immune system, microbes tend to get used to them. In addition, they do not work for viruses. Silver is not a habit, and does not accumulate in the body. Although overdose can cause darkening of skin - the so-called Argiry. Full list of ailments, which manages the money that can afford only a medical issue.
Mysticism
Silver is associated with lunar magic, women's and the beginning of winter to the goddess Diana. It is believed that silver can protect from negative influences and evil spirits. The ancient Egyptians believed that the god Ra silver bone. For Inca silver was the divine substance, they called his "moon tears." And the Emperor Nero to hack silver, thousands of their mules.
Alchemists believed the final product transmutation of silver base metal, by means of a "white philosophical stone." If a person does not match the money that it could lead to serious health disorders. The lack of this metal in the body is filled by the immoderate consumption of sweet.
Some healers claim that silver has a cooling effect on the body, so the older people it is better not to wear.
Dark silver with prolonged exposure to the protein and skin unhealthy person, hence the belief that silver has the gift to foresee a serious disease of the owner.
If insert silver nails in the coffin, the spirit of the deceased will not be able to rise. Silver amulets repel evil spirits. In France, the custom was kept before the wedding the newlyweds wear a silver chain, to avoid the effects of witchcraft. Silver bullet can 'kill' the reverse and other diabolical creatures. By the way, modern vampire killers instead of cola aspen preferred injections of silver nitrate.
Money
First, the function of money in the form of silver used massive rings, bars, ingots, wire, small chanks. They were walking in Assyria, Babylon, ancient Egypt. The first hammered coin, two and a half thousand years ago made the same Lydian king Croesus, which, of course, has depicted himself loved. Ancient Romans began to mint silver coins from 269 years BC. e., for half a century earlier than the gold. In Russia the first silver minted with Prince Vladimir. On the one hand, the coin was a picture of Prince on the throne, but on the other - the inscription: "Volodymyr on the table, and behold his silver."
Of course, not without fakes. French monarch Philip beautiful, it is - forger, reduces the weight of gold and silver coins and adding them to the copper and tin. During that Dante gave him a place in hell.
Extraordinary financial resourcefulness shown during the war with the Poles and Alexei . Because of his money in Russia was not, in the course were iohimstalery, in our - "efimki (them minted in the Czech town of Iohimstal). These 'Euro' knock the Latin inscription and the estimated value of 1 ruble, although this costs the Treasury 50 cents. It happened the first inflation, which ended "copper rebellion."
When Anne Ioannovna Akinfy Demidov, uncrowned Uralsky Caesar secretly minted its coins. This is the only case in history where the counterfeit money was more expensive than the state: in Demidovsky content of silver was higher.
Now silver coins issued as commemorative coins and exploratory. Although the course of the coin, there are 999 samples (99 Ag content, 9%): in America odnodollarovaya coin depicting an eagle in Mexico - Libertad and Canadian coins in denominations of five dollars with the image of maple leaves.
Not only money
Silver reflects 97% visible light. Silver mirrors provide energy desalination plants in Saudi Arabia and solar thermal power plants in California.
Inertia allows the use of silver in the missile technology for the manufacture of engine gaskets.
Silver iodide - a reagent for the artificial rain: atmospheric moisture, it condenses into droplets of rain. In addition, both can be reduced because of the cyclone. With the help of airplanes is the veil of the iodine-silver mist, the cyclone passed through it, growing in size and loses its destructive power.
But the widespread use of silver is linked to the ability of halides decompose under the action of light to metallic silver. In 1839 French painter and inventor Dager has developed a way to get the image on the light-sensitive material, and has since produced more than half of silver goes to all sorts of photo and film.
The presence of silver halide particles in the glass allows for 60 seconds to turn the ordinary into sun glasses (22% light transmission to 88%).
A 1 gram of silver can be turned into a wire length of about 2 miles!
Do not forget about the "family silver": malleability, ductility, bactericide made dishes of luxury. It was a symbol of wealth and respectability. That nobody could pereplyunut Count Orlov, the favorite of Catherine the Great. His respectability was a 3275 silver items, for the manufacture of which took more than 2 tons of silver.
Friday, January 25, 2008
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)